WORLD JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY

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Providing an informed consent has an important role in promotion of medical treatments and reduction of judiciary litigations in this process. Today with cultural changes and wide propagation that is usually charming, the request for aesthetic surgery has an increasing trend. These problems with complexity of cosmetic surgeries lead to deeper differences of information between plastic surgeons and patients, so the discussion on giving information to a patient is of great importance. Regarding the elective choice of aesthetic surgeries, there is a need on providing a standard informed consent form. There are some problems on advertisements of aesthetic surgeries by non-plastic surgeons, taking insufficient or incorrect information to the patients affecting the patients’ autonomy. In fact, correct operative information should be share with the patients. Probable complications and alternative procedures should be presented to the patient to choose an operative option freely and without any charming. Obtaining a written informed consent can protect researchers and their sponsor institutions from any litigation. Patients with psychiatric problems can not benefit from aesthetic surgery and also they have no competency for giving any informed consent. So psychiatric problems can even worsen the surgical interventions. In this article, fundamentals of plastic surgery to provide an informed consent were reviewed and the legal and ethical considerations were evaluated.

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Approximately 25% of all oral cavity carcinomas involve the lips, and the primary management of these lesions is complete surgical resection. Loss of tissue in the lips after resection is treated with a variety of techniques, depending on the extension and location of the defect.

Here we review highly accepted techniques of lip reconstruction and some of new trials with significant clinical results. Reconstruction choice is primarily depend to size of the defect, localization of defect, elasticity of tissues. But patient’s age, comorbidities, and motivation are also important. According to the defect location and size, different reconstruction methods can be used.  For defects involved less than 30% of lips, primary closures are sufficient. In defects with 35–70% lip involvement, the Karapandzic, Abbe, Estlander, McGregor or Gillies’ fan flaps or their modifications can be used. When lip remaining tissues are insufficient, cheek tissue can be used in Webster and Bernard advancement flaps and their various modifications. Deltopectoral or radial forearm free flaps can be options for large defects of the lip extending to the Jaws. To achieve best functional and esthetic results, surgeons should be able to choose most appropriate reconstruction method. Considering defects' size and location, patients' expects and surgeon's ability and knowledge, a variety of flaps are presented in order to reconstruct defects resulted from tumor ablation. It's necessary for surgeons to trace the recent innovations in lip reconstruction to offer best choices to patients.

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Currently, cosmetic surgery is spread around the world. Several factors are involved in this rapidly evolving field such as socio-economic development, changes in cultural norms, globalization and the effects of Western culture, advertising, media, and mental disorders. Nowadays the cosmetic surgery is becoming a profitable business, which deals exclusively with human appearance and less from the perspective of beauty based on physical protests and considering factors such as sex, age, and race. The morality of plastic surgery subspecialty has undergone many moral dilemmas in the past few years. The role of the patient regardless of his unrealistic dreams has questionable ethical dimension. The problem is the loss of human values and replacing them with false values, of pride and glory to a charismatic person of higher status, that may underlie some of the posed ethical dilemmas. Cosmetic surgery has huge difference with the general principle of legal liability in professional orientation, because the objective for cosmetic surgeries is different from common therapeutic purposes. To observe excellence in the medical profession, we should always keep in mind that these service providers, often as a therapist (healer) must maintain a commitment and priority for patient safety and prior to any action, a real apply for this service recipient should be present. Also, patient–physician confidentiality is the cornerstone of medical ethics. In this review, we study the issues addressed and the ways that they can be resolved.

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BACKGROUND
Severe lower extremity trauma as a devastating combat related injury is on the rise and this presents reconstructive surgeons with significant challenges to reach optimal cosmetic and functional outcomes. This study assessed early reconstructions of complex lower extremity battlefield soft tissue wounds.
METHODS
 This was a prospective case series study of battled field injured patients which was done in the Department of Plastic Surgery, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences hospitals, Tehran, Iran between 2013-2015. In this survey, 73 patients were operated for reconstruction of lower extremity soft tissue defects due to battlefield injuries
RESULTS
Seventy-three patients (65 men, 8 womens) ranging from 21-48 years old (mean: 35 years) were enrolled. Our study showed that early debridement and bone stabilization and later coverage  of complex battlefields soft tissue wounds with suitable flaps and grafts of lower extremity were effective method for difficult wounds managements with less amputation and infections.
CONCLUSION
Serial debridement and bone stabilization before early soft tissue reconstruction according to reconstructive ladder were shown to be essential steps. 

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BACKGROUND
Free Flaps are viable option to cover the tissue defect. Pedicle anastomosis to vessel branches has excellent result. In some situations which there is a possibility of flap failure like shortage of vessel branches, possibility of pedicle kinking or need to vein graft, anastomosis to great vessels is justified.
METHODS
Six patients were allocated to study. Five cases for free jejunal flap and one case for free latissimus flap. In free jejunal flap group, pedicle anastomosis was performed as an end-side fashion to common carotid artery and internal jugular vein and in free latissimus flap, pedicle was anastomosed as an end-side fashion to superficial femoral artery and superficial femoral vein. Follow up was regular up to 20 years.
RESULTS
In free jejunal flap group, there were three female and two male with age from 30 to 59 years. The sixth case was a thirteen years old male with flexion contracture of right knee who underwent free latissimus flap. Follow up was regular for 20 years. All flaps survived, and good functional result was obtained in all except one.
CONCLUSION
Choosing great vessels as one side of anastomosis is safe and can be done as a primary approach due to technical demand or as a final resort when there is shortage of side branches. 

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Background: Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and post-surgical radiotherapy are the treatment of choice in early-stage breast cancers. Surgeons use different techniques for the reconstruction of the breast after BCS. We aimed to present our novel reconstruction technique for medial breast defects and report the follow-up results of patients who underwent breast reconstruction using this method in the short and long term.
Methods: Forty patients with medially located breast tumors under BCS referred to Shahid Modares Hospital in Tehran, Iran from 2018 to 2022 were enrolled in the study. The patients underwent breast reconstruction post-lumpectomy using the local transposition flap technique. We followed the patients for one year, and the satisfaction and complication results were assessed and reported post-operation, after radio-chemotherapy, and after one year.
Results: The patients’ mean age was 48.4 (±12.3) years, and the mean BMI was 30.9 (±3.1). There were no cases of complication, including infection, seroma formation, hematoma, flap ischemia, or necrosis post-operation, one week and one month after discharge. The surgeon and patient satisfaction surveys conducted post-op, after the radio-chemotherapy course, and one year after BCS using the Breast-Q satisfaction domain showed that the excellent and good satisfaction rates are 88%, 92%, and 92%, respectively.
Conclusion: Local transposition flap has remarkable cosmetic results with the least complication rate in the reconstruction of medial breast defects after breast-conserving surgery and is an excellent choice for surgeons.